Editing M3U and M3U8 files

M3U and M3U8 files (which is the version using UTF-8 encoding for better support for different characters) are the main playlist formats used in IPTV.

Here are the basic rules (tags) and operands (attributes) that you will need to edit these files:

Basic rules and structure of M3U/M3U8 for IPTV

1. Start tag

Every M3U/M3U8 playlist must start with the required tag:

• #EXTM3U
  • Rule: Always on the first line. Indicates that the file is an extended M3U playlist, which allows the use of additional tags such as #EXTINF.

2. Record definition (channel)

Each channel or media stream is defined by two basic lines:

A. Information tag

• #EXTINF: <duration>, <channel name>
  • Rule: This tag provides information about the entry that follows.
  • Operands:
    • <duration>: For IPTV, 0 or -1 is usually used, since the duration is unknown or unlimited.
    • <channel name>: The name that will be displayed to the user.
  • Additional attributes (operands) in #EXTINF:
    • tvg-id=“<identifier>“: A unique identifier for the channel, which is used by the electronic program guide (EPG) to match the channel to the correct broadcast. Important for EPG.
    • tvg-name=“<name>“: Alternative name, sometimes used for matching.
    • group-title=“<group>“: Defines the group/category (e.g. „Bulgarian“, „News“, „Sports“) in which the channel will be displayed in the player. Very important for organization.
    • tvg-logo=“<URL to logo>“: Direct URL to the channel logo image.

B. Stream URL

• <Media stream URL>
  • Rule: This line always follows directly after the corresponding #EXTINF line.
  • Operands: This is the direct HTTP/HTTPS/RTSP/UDP address to the media stream (channel) itself.

Example structure and editing

Code snippet

#EXTM3U

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“ext“ group-title=“Bulgarian“,BG | Alfa TV

http://012345x.com:999/wzw84zrZyW/FxVvvV4kbP/25184

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“ext“ group-title=“Bulgarian“,BG | 24 Kitchen HD

http://012345x.com:999/wzw84zrZyW/FxVvvV4kbP/25283

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“ext“ group-title=“Bulgarian“,BG | amc

How to edit

1. Change group (category):
   • If you want „Beta TV“ to be in group „Local“, change:
     • to
     • group-title=“Bulgarian“
     • to
     • group-title=“Local“
2. Change name:
   • If you want it to be „Beta Television“, change:
     • BG | Beta TV
     • on
     • Beta Television
3. Adding a Logo:
   • To add a logo (if you know the URL), add the tvg-logo attribute:
     • #EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“ext“ group-title=“Bulgarian“,BG | Beta TV
     • on
     • #EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“ext“ group-title=“Bulgarian“ tvg-logo=“https://url-to-logo.com/beta.png“,BG | Beta TV
4. Add a new channel:
   • You need the stream URL and add it at the end (or wherever makes sense), following the same structure:

Code snippet

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“nova.bg“ group-title=“News“,Nova News HD

http://url.of.the.new.stream/nova-news.m3u8

Other important tags

Less commonly used but useful tags (usually placed at the beginning of the file):

• #EXTGRP:<group name>: Sometimes used to define the group before the list of channels in it. group-title in #EXTINF is the more common and preferred method.
• #EXTVLCOPT:<settings>: To pass specific settings to VLC or compatible players.
• #EXTIMG:<URL>: Rarely used for a background image.

In short

Editing is reduced to changing the text in the #EXTINF tag attributes (group-title, tvg-id, tvg-logo, name) or changing the URL of the stream that follows. Make sure there are no blank lines or wrong characters, especially if you are using an M3U8 file that requires UTF-8 encoding for proper display of Cyrillic.

To add a comment that makes the file more readable, use the extended tag symbol, but with unknown name after it. IPTV players usually ignore tags that they do not recognize.

The most common and de facto accepted way to comment is:

#

#COMMENT: or #EXT-COMMENT:

#REM (from ‘Remark’)

How to use comments

Simply start the line with #, followed by any name or directly the text of the comment:

Code snippet

#EXTM3U

# This line is a comment and will be ignored.

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“nova.bg“ group-title=“Bulgarian News“,Nova TV HD

http://url-kõm-nova.m3u8

# –––––– SPORTS CHANNELS ––––––

#EXTINF:0 group-title=“Sports“ tvg-id=“max.sport.1″,Max Sport 1 HD

http://url-to-max-sport-1.m3u8

In the above example:

1. # This line is a comment and will be ignored.
2. # –––––– SPORTS CHANNELS ––––––

These lines are for visual structuring only when editing and will not affect the playback of the playlist.

EPG (Electronic Program Guide) and logos

The tvg-id identifiers and the URL addresses for the logos (tvg-logo) are not standardized by a central authority, but are defined by the EPG data provider (XMLTV source).

To have a working EPG and logos, you need to do the following:

1. Find an EPG data source (XMLTV)

You need to find a URL to a file that contains the program of Bulgarian channels, usually in XMLTV format. This file defines which tvg-id corresponds to which channel.

• Popular community sources: Commonly used community-supported projects collect and format EPG data for different regions. Search for „XMLTV Bulgaria“ or „IPTV EPG source Bulgaria“.
  • Example: A common source that can be looked at is https://iptv-epg.org/files/epg-bg.xml.gz (or similar community projects).

2. Compare tvg-id

Once you have the EPG source, you need to see what id (which corresponds to the tvg-id in your M3U) is used for each channel in this XML file.

Structure in the XMLTV file:

XML

<channel id=“bnt1.bg“>

<display-name>BNT 1</display-name>

<icon src=“http://url-kum-logoto/bnt1.png“ />

</channel>

In the above example:

• tvg-id in your M3U playlist should be: bnt1.bg
• The logo URL (tvg-logo) can be taken from the icon src attribute if your player does not download it automatically.

What to do:

1. Select EPG Source: If your IPTV player supports EPG URL input, enter the address of the XMLTV file (e.g. https://iptv-epg.org/files/epg-bg.xml.gz).
2. Edit M3U: Edit your M3U file by specifying the same tvg-id identifiers that are defined in the XMLTV file.

Example of compliance:

About the logo (tvg-logo)

Regarding logos, they are defined in two ways:

1. Automatically from EPG: Most modern IPTV players (such as Tivimate, IPTV Smarters) automatically retrieve the logo URLs from the attribute <icon src=“…“> in the XMLTV file you entered.
2. Manually in M3U: If the player does not do it automatically, you need to add a tvg-logo attribute to each channel in your M3U:

#EXTINF:0 tvg-id=“bnt1.bg“ tvg-logo=“http://url-to-logo/bnt1.png“,BNT 1

Conclusion

The best place to find the correct tvg-ids is by finding and opening a current XMLTV source for Bulgaria and using the identifiers defined within it. Since these sources are community-maintained, they are the most reliable for matching EPG data.

Материалът Editing M3U and M3U8 files е публикуван за пръв път на Галя и Тони - Галанто.

Making an antenna is a simple job that is described by three activities:

• Cutting iron and cables;
• Pilling, etc.;
• Screws and nuts.

(This is also how you write a book – you press keys in a certain sequence.)

In the Faraday cage of channel 64

Very good fishing!

Why are the large antennas external and „fishing very well“?

(And they also cost quite a bit because they are Western made, most of them.)

1. Because there is a very long piece of iron on them and as such you can’t take it into the kitchen, and for that – outside.
2. You try to raise it as high as possible, because one always wants to climb up – to Everest, to Botev, to Cherni vrah or at least to Kopitoto (the restaurant). If possible by car – ideal.
3. „Finds strong“ because at the highest possible lift, it provides signal reception with better detection of fresnel zones. Thus, the signal has a better intensity than if the antenna is seven to eight meters or more down.
4. A large part of the offered company antennas have an amplifier right on the vibrator and the feeder to the TV goes from there. Infinitely correct solution. However, the amplifier is subjected to all kinds of wonderful outdoor conditions. His life will not be very long.

Why are large TV antenna structures more pleasing to the eye than doing work in the advertised frequency range – for example, from 21-69 channels? Because:

1. If the vibrator has a wave resistance of about 75 ohms for 650 MHz, then the same vibrator (the antenna is the same) for 490 MHz is about 35-40 ohms, and for 818 MHz it is 110-115 ohms. The example with 490 and 818 MHz is a real Sofia broadcast and comes to show that if you read the inscription on the box for a 75 ohm TV antenna, then this is true for the middle of the range or somewhere along it. From here on, the reconciliation and attempts to do so go to …
2. All distances between vibrator, directors and reflector are frequency dependent (specified) and as such the antenna will be directed for one and one or two neighboring frequencies, but for the rest of the frequencies in the range only the vibrator will work as a simple single dipole antenna (and the one with unclear wave resistance). Salvation comes from lifting up.

Yes, I have also made a 7-element antenna, but it was only for 145 MHz and it was a big struggle to set it up. For range, it is simply unthinkable. There are devices with matching stages filled with capacitors and coils for electrical shortening or lengthening. Your TVs are certainly not one of them.

3. Logoperiodic antennas really work in a wider range, but they hardly work with more than two to three elements for the different frequencies, because, alas, the laws of physics apply to them too. For comparison, a well to excellently tuned 3-element Yagi antenna gives about 5-6 decibels of gain. However, if one has a penchant for disobeying laws, one can get from the logperiodic 12 to 18 decibels. If the parliament votes to repeal these laws, then things will fall into place, but they don’t want to!

The main influence on reception is the phenomenon of interference waves, which occurs in all cases when there are ground obstacles and objects (even if they do not block) in the path of signal propagation, such as a block, a house and even an iron barrel for collecting rainwater . I have briefly described this in „Methodology for finding a place for a room „antenna for digitalTV„. It is published and the title is easy to find.

The other main thing is that the cable (feeder) must have a length multiple of half the wavelength (λ) multiplied by the shortening factor and the condition must be met for all frequencies at which television is received – in most places in Bulgaria there are three. What happens if this is not met? An excellent result is obtained (ideal option) or nothing is received regardless of the antenna, clipping or reception of some channels, and the others are bad. Such examples – as many as you want.

The case of feeder length multiple of λ/2 is valid when the arm/arms of the dipole are of length λ/4 (to be precise – 0.253 λ to be 75 ohms). But this dipole is for one frequency and for higher it will be long (ie, non-resonant length) and for lower frequency it will be short – also non-resonant. Then what – when the dipole is longer, the feeder must be shorter for the configuration made in this way, and when the dipole is shorter – the feeder must be longer. When these three cases are nicely „mixed“, at the output of the already made antennao-feeder device must output a signal at the three (or whatever is calculated) frequencies with the maximum possible amplitude of the voltage induced in the antenna. The solution to the problem is easy. It took me personally about two or three months ahead of time.

To receive dirtier signals, a full-wave dipole can be created, i.e. the arms are of length λ/2 and then the feeder should be of length n*λ/2 -(+) λ/4 and not the shortening factor is forgotten. Again, it works according to the above logic – with shorter arms, a longer feeder or vice versa, and all these conditions must be satisfied in one configuration (one antenna-feeder device).

I have personally achieved the following results with my self-made passive (without any amplifiers) antennas (with my wife’s permission, of course!):

• Village Padesh, Blagoevgradsko. This village does not receive over-the-air television, and there were news reports that people were „rioting“ due to being deprived of this option. I made a corresponding device and went there – all three multiplexes came out. God’s work.
• Village Kremenik, Dupnishko, which is located above the Dyakovo dam. Also people don’t watch broadcast TV because of impossibility. The channels from the three multiplexes came out there as well.
• Village Zivkovo, Ikhtimansko. The neighbor of my methodical supervisor in fishing tried the variants of lifting up a large antenna with the assistance of a technical digitization team. The result is a switch to an alternative provider (cable, satellite), accompanied by a certain amount of expletives. At the same time, my fishing guru watches with a passive antenna my craft, which is located in the room.
• Village Beli Iskar, Samokovsko. „Kofti“ place with more than 70 meters of overhang from a land massif in the middle of a 3.5 km route, through which the overhang does not pass even a third Fresnel zone (ie, what is reached from the fifth). There was an external new logoperiodic antenna erected, which, however, did not receive the BNT package, which was received on 722 MHz, and the btv, nova tv and tv7 package on 626 MHz was received with periodic interruptions. After installing an amplifier (amplified at mach) the reception got better. I was not satisfied with the situation. I made some effort and it is now received with a room antenna without an amplifier.
• And I can no longer remember how many more places – the village of Vladimir in its lowest part, Kocherinovo, the village of Gorni Dabnik Plevensko, the village of Varvara (between Tsarevo and Ahtopol) in its low part below the center, etc.

For Sofia and its surroundings, there are also no problems with reception, regardless of whether it is the first or last floor, with a view or on the opposite side to the transmitter, and I show it in a car service (car workshop), which is practically a pure „Faraday cage“ – the whole inside is metal construction with appropriate grounding (all metal columns are in the ground). Reception is on channel 64 – Vest TV.

If you think what has been written so far is incredible, read the article again.

Otherwise, the spread of VHF is „God’s work“!

Материалът Outdoor or indoor antenna? Should we buy or make? е публикуван за пръв път на Галя и Тони - Галанто.

Room antenna for „digital“ TVInstead of introduction

…as my teacher Nikola Lazarov used to say from that school, which is located at the intersection of „Shipka“ and „Brothers Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi“ streets – „the spread of VHF is God’s work“.

Why God’s work? Well, because in the ideal version, in direct line of sight, communication (reception) goes out, and in the presence of obstacles, interference waves are received.

Interference (superimposed) waves are complex in terms of signal intensity, which are characterized by pronounced minima and maxima in space, caused by the different lengths of the traveled path in the propagation of the reflected signals and arriving at the reception point with a relative superposition of the phases (maximum signal ) or out of phase (almost no signal). Due to the complexity of the obstacles (location of apartment blocks, buildings, etc.), the signal does not always follow the logic of minimum-maximum at a relative distance of one wavelength, which as an example for the 40th channel at 626 MHz is about 48 cm. The signal it can „appear“ a meter, two or more, and in the most unexpected place for you.

So:

1. Without watching the TV, the antenna location is not searched (turn it towards you).

2. If the programs do not appear during automatic search:

2.1. Enter channel search (scan) mode.

The mode on most receivers is in the menu under „auto search“. You need to know for your area the broadcast channels as a number corresponding to frequency.

For Sofia and its surroundings, it is broadcast on channels 23, 40, 52 and 64.

2.2. Put on a channel number that you know broadcasts for the area.

If you don’t know them, they are on the site (page) predavatel.com.

2.3. Start slowly moving the antenna around where you have determined (your wife has determined) that it can stand.

Not only to the side, but also up and down – the signal can also appear on the floor. Monitor the signal level and quality of the given channel until the maximum readings are found.

Practice showed that a signal appeared at a place next to the inner window sill and at a height of 10 cm from it, otherwise when an antenna was placed on the sill itself, the signal was with a level of despairing zeros in strength and in quality. This happened in the village of Bistrica – Sofia, where almost no one watches digital broadcast television.

2.4. Do a similar check for the other channels.

2.5. Find the compromise antenna location for all channels.

Found that even when moving the antenna 1-2 cm, some channel can be lost or received with „cut“. For me personally, such amusements in finding a place have lost me more than 2 hours before achieving a result of „bravo“. Take your time and don’t despair. In five to ten minutes, something else can be „done“, but not finding an antenna location with a „junk“ signal.

If it didn’t work for you after applying this methodology even with an antenna made by the person who wrote this reading (see the photo and contact him if interested), don’t rush to buy external large antennas. They amplify and target 1-2 channels (frequencies) but not all broadcast. In addition, the moment of finding the right place (see interference waves) also applies to them, and in the most general case it is determined, but not by you (a working-not-working chimney, some kind of pylon, etc., because you will not be drill the shingles in the middle of the roof, right?). And with direct visibility, there is no need for these focuses. With „my“ antenna from Ovcha Kupel, I receive the 41st and 57th channels (BTV and BNT – nine programs) broadcast from Mount Botev, which is about 140 km away, most calmly without an amplifier.</ em>

God’s work.

…otherwise we know that the cable and satellite operators also feed children!

Материалът Methodology for locating a room antenna for „digital“ TV е публикуван за пръв път на Галя и Тони - Галанто.

Photo 1. This is the general view of the antenna that should be obtained, without any additional embellishments. Many TV viewers (not talking about cable) have faced the problem of „catching“ one or another program, but not and all from the same position and with the same antenna.

So how does the whole story begin.

In the beginning it was beer…

It started like all good things – word for word at the table!

I have a friend who is called Anton, LZ3AI, or when he goes to work – something else. So he took a scheme from some wise men, realized a similar antenna (but not particularly suitable for the current television broadcast) and offered it to a neighbor who follows all the series about Ronaldo, Rivaldo and the suffering Maria.

He offered her this antenna, because they cut the cable of the grandmother and the characters from the series were left without empathy.

However, when the grandmother saw the antenna, she said that she would not put such rolled cans of canned tomatoes on the terrace, even though they „caught“ everything. I set about recalculating the antenna and the corresponding attempts to achieve what you will read next.

If you tap on the photos (but not with a hammer, but with the mouse), they will enlarge so that you can view them calmly. Then you close the newly appeared window to continue with the fascinating reading.

I don’t want people to be left with the belief that this antenna was born „just like that“ and exactly this size of the shoulders was established only by calculations. It was a six-month long trial process on already empty beer cans that gave an answer to the question of how long they should be – exactly 9 cm, not 13, 12, 10 or 8 cm. Anyone who wishes can continue the process and establish other lengths , but the goal is still to receive all broadcast TV in very good quality.

Limitations

So that colleagues on the „wire“ are not left with the doubt that I have established the propagation of radio waves and the ways of their reception, I am obliged to introduce the following restrictive postulates:</p >

1. Nothing new under the sun after 1888-1900, in terms of research material. See Hertz, Popov, Marconi. Well, yes, they did not deal with microwaves…

2. I have „laid down“ the ideologies and realizations of wiser people than me, who worked and are working within a radius of 3 kilometers from the wheel on the boulevard that leads to Plovdiv and Burgas (why is it the Tsarigradskoe highway and not the California highway? With a sufficiently good reinforcement it can be used there too, yes! Some heroes even try it as an option from time to time. Well, they make sacrifices… but these are the risks of life inclusion.

3. What you will read further about the antenna and its realization can be said and written by 1/8 of the Bulgarian population (In my wife’s opinion!).

For enthusiasts who don’t want to rotate room antennas and change arm lengths or unfurl masts like sailboats with corresponding massive „real“ antennas, try Turkish „satellites“ ” etc. gravity irons, I offer the following recipe (as well as an opportunity to shine in front of the fairies, whatever that means!). We start with a preparatory part and procurement of materials for the antenna.

So, sit down with a friend or neighbor for a „brief production meeting“ and drink a beer from an aluminum can. We need two boxes. If the person standing opposite also needs an antenna, just repeat the operation. The appetizer – according to the season. So far we are only talking about preparatory operations, so beer can be overdone. Leave the work for tomorrow!

The philosophy of the antenna is as follows: dipole 2 x λ/4 volume vibrator with approximate resonance frequency f res. 620-630 MHz, the band of which is wide enough and covers frequencies from 500 to 750 MHz. The bulk vibrator has better gain than the thin wire, but it’s still multiple vibrators. Those who have touched such material know or must have experienced the strong frequency dependence of directional antennas of relatively thin material (λ/d element. >300 and up). So this will basically be a decimeter antenna. And for the metro Channel 1 (for the different broadcast areas 210-220 MHz) – answer below!

Antenna behavior in different regions of the country:

1. In the Ovcha Kupel area (Sofia) the following programs are watched from the Kopitoto tower with very good to excellent quality of perception – Channel 1, BTV, Nova, 7 dni, GTV, CTN and Euro News, which, however, is not broadcast 24 hours hours. Pernicans can benefit from exactly the same scheme.

2. If you are „dead end“ and only the roof can see the Hoof – experience has shown that with a 35-meter (hey, that’s from the first to the roof of the ninth floor) 75Ω coaxial line and a TV „FUNAI“ 14″, year of manufacture 1995 (as my son), did a great job with the reception. The attempt was made in the Mladost region.

3. From the Ovcha kupel region with a TV tuned to the broadcasting frequencies from Mount Botev (the distance is about 140 km) the following was received – BTV with excellent quality, and Ani Salic from Mityo Krika can easily be distinguished on the first program. Just kidding, of course, the quality is only slightly worse, and if you wear dark glasses, you might not notice a difference at all!

4. From the area of ​​the village of Gorni Dabnik (83 km from Botev peak) on the frequencies broadcast from the top, the first and second programs are excellent. On top of that, the antenna caught Nova TV (up to that point it was not received at all), which broadcasts with 10 W from the town of Dolni Dabnik, about 10 km from the village and the route is relatively closed. On top of that, the natural curvature of the Earth at 10 km is 2 meters overhang. Someone will say – come on, how much is two meters?! And her from two meters away… …admire a chick, right?! Two meters is two meters.

Table 1. Elevations between two points on the surface of the globe to help people only by craft (to make and operate the antenna not relevant).

In conclusion of this part, it can be said that what is proposed can replace the big rotten antennas. With relative or good visibility of the transmitter, the 2λ elevation above the ground (3 meters at least) can be neglected and the antenna stuck in a pot in the room. Otherwise, it can be carried out as an external one, but it must be wrapped with one or two plastic bags, tightened around the stick under the arms of the antenna and cut off the excess part of the bag. Then it takes the form of a small compact package and acquires a completely alien appearance. The purpose of the operation is to protect the coaxial line from running and not to see snowfall even in the middle of summer.

The beer has already been tested

Beer is the test, right? Then let’s go step by step to implementation. Now you can pour yourself a brandy, because peace of mind is necessary!

Necessary materials

Materials needed for crafting at the time of sitting:

• 2 pcs. already empty beer cans;
• 2 pcs. screws 15 mm hex with corresponding nuts and 4 pcs. washers for them;
• a chamois stick with a section of 15/15 or 20/20 mm or a combination of the dimensions, the length is up to you;
• a device or an invented way to drill the bottoms of the boxes with Ø 6-6.5 mm and the stick with Ø 5-5.5 mm;
• device for cutting the thin film of the boxes;
• a short sharp inflexible blade for digging the feeder a little into the stick – as you wish.

Crafting

1. The empty boxes are sized at a height of 90 mm from the base on which they stand (or sit). The easiest way to do this is to cut a strip of paper of this width to wrap around the box and outline. Base – again the table. The cutting can be done with a thin sharp knife or even better with your wife’s fabric scissors (it’s nice that she can’t see it). The cut should be made about 0.5-1 cm above this 9 cm, so that you can use pliers or tweezers to bend the part to size and get a double edge (see the photo). You may not do this procedure and cut directly to 90mm, but the chance of cutting yourself badly between your fingers is high (element of tripping and personal experience!).

2. You drill the bottom of the already cut box with Ø 6-6.5 mm (preferably with a tendency towards the center) and insert the screw with a folded washer from the inside. On the thread protruding from the bottom, you put a washer and a nut, meanwhile supporting the screw from below with the screwdriver. You tighten brutally, because then this screw will also cut the hole in the stick.

3. You drill the stick (not lengthwise!) with Ø 5-5.5mm in such a place where you decided to screw the already made arms of the antenna. You take one shoulder and cut the punched hole on both sides. If you drilled with Ø 5.5 mm it will be looser, but the material of the feeder compacts it. No worries!

4. If you dig a little in the stick as a bed for the feeder, for the line and braid, fasten the feeder to the stick with tape or another tape – the situation becomes even better.

5. Insert some of the stripped braid and wire (about 3-4mm) into the cut holes on the stick and screw the antenna arms. 

6. If you want, you can also use double-folded household foil (from your wife’s) to close the large openings of the boxes by attaching it with tape or something else sticky. The antenna works a little better. If you wish, you can cover the finished arms with cabinet foil that imitates wood.

The visual effect is striking.

If your wife boils you while cutting with her scissors, the effect is downright amazing!

7. The antenna can be attached to whatever stakes you want or simply put in place of the old one. If you didn’t have enough beer from the cans and you continued with two-liter bottles, you can use such a bottle for a stand – you remove the cap and stick the stick with the antenna in its place (of course, the bottle is no longer full of beer, but of water – it weighs on the spot).

Exploitation

So what are you waiting for, try it now!

Concluding remarks of the author

Coca-Cola and Fanta cans have the same diameter, but it is not recommended to make them from such material. Don’t be fooled! Until now, I have never seen a wedding, baptism or graduation party done with non-alcoholic. If you’re not allowed beer, however, due to some visible curvature of the silhouette or other medical prohibitions, try a can of Fanta or another lemonade. The effect is certainly not the same.

Men know why!

Материалът About friends and beer or … how to make an antenna for all over the air TV е публикуван за пръв път на Галя и Тони - Галанто.