{"id":1262,"date":"2025-11-10T21:45:54","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T19:45:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.galanto.com\/?p=1262"},"modified":"2026-01-01T22:39:13","modified_gmt":"2026-01-01T20:39:13","slug":"balluns-ununs-and-chokes-complete-nonsense-in-ham-practice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.galanto.com\/en\/balluns-ununs-and-chokes-complete-nonsense-in-ham-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"Balluns, ununs and chokes: complete nonsense in ham practice."},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Baluns,
Baluns, ununs and chokes: a complete mess in ham practice.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Baluns, ununs and chokes: a complete mess in ham practice.<\/strong><\/h4>\n
How to choose the right balun for the antenna? <\/strong><\/h5>\n
(Informal, but professional!)<\/strong><\/h5>\n

End of confusion – a guide to selection and application<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you’ve ever scratched your head, wondering when to use a 1:1 balun, when a 49:1 unun, and why the hell you need a „choke,“ you’ve come to the right place. In fact, there’s no magic involved – it’s all about mode matching and impedance transformation.<\/p>\n

Here I’ll add that I’m the self-proclaimed godfather of ununs and chokes (they sound even cooler to me in Bulgarian than the originals) – there are still no suitable words in Bulgarian. The genealogy of ununs is similar to that of baluns, and a choke is a choke. <\/em><\/p>\n

Part 1: Modes and Roles \u2013 Balanced vs. Unbalanced<\/strong><\/h5>\n

It all starts with what kind of antenna you are feeding and what kind of cable you are using.<\/p>\n

Balun vs. Unun \u2013 what is the difference?<\/p>\n

Baluns and unununs are transformers that serve to match the power mode (balanced\/unbalanced) and\/or impedance matching.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Device<\/strong><\/td>\nSource<\/strong><\/td>\nConnection Mode<\/strong><\/td>\nPrimary Purpose<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Balun<\/strong><\/td>\nBALanced to UNbalanced<\/td>\nUnbalanced to Balanced<\/td>\nProvides symmetry and blocks currents. Used for dipoles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unun<\/strong><\/td>\nUNbalanced to UNbalanced<\/td>\nUnbalanced to Unbalanced<\/td>\nTransforms impedance. Used for end-fed antennas (EFHW) and long wire.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Part 2: The coefficient \u2013 \u200b\u200bwhich one is for where?<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Each transformation coefficient has a specific and different purpose depending on the antenna for which it is used.<\/p>\n

A brief overview of the most common transformers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ratio<\/strong><\/td>\nDevice type<\/strong><\/td>\nImpedance transformation<\/strong><\/td>\nTypical application<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
1:1<\/strong><\/td>\nBalun (current choke)<\/td>\n50 to 50 ohms<\/td>\nPower supply to a symmetrical dipole. Blocks unwanted currents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4:1<\/strong><\/td>\nUnun or balun<\/td>\n50 to 200 ohms<\/td>\nFeeding folded dipoles or G5RV antennas.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9:1<\/strong><\/td>\nUnun<\/td>\n50 ohms to 450 ohms<\/td>\nFor non-resonant wire antennas (Random Wire) or long wire (LW). Reduces unpredictable impedance to a range that the ATU – antenna tuner can tune.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49:1 \/ 64:1<\/strong><\/td>\nUnun<\/td>\n50 ohms to 2450 ohms \/ 3200 ohms<\/td>\nEnd-fed half-wave antenna (EFHW). Provides perfect matching directly to 50 ohms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tip<\/strong>: The standard choice for EFHW is 49:1<\/strong>, and 64:1<\/strong> is for installations where the antenna is mounted lower or near objects that increase the impedance. The difference is often insignificant and can be corrected by the built-in tuner. For POTA\/SOTA activation, 64:1<\/strong> seems to be a better choice because in most cases the situation is not known in advance. But even then we can never be sure \u2013 a great place to deploy the antenna may be found.<\/em><\/p>\n

Part 3: The Choke \u2013 the Shadow Hero (HF Choke)<\/strong><\/h5>\n

A Coaxial Choke or Shortwave Choke Coil (HF Choke) is a simple but extremely important device whose purpose is to block unwanted currents flowing on the outside of the braid (screen) of the coaxial cable.<\/p>\n

Where is it most effective?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most effective location for the choke is as close to the antenna as possible.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • At the antenna:<\/strong> It isolates the antenna from the feed line, ensuring that the coaxial does not radiate. A critical and essential choice.<\/li>\n
  • At the transceiver:<\/strong> It acts as a secondary line of protection. Filters residual currents and prevents radio frequency interference (RFI) in the station as a whole (transceiver, computers, audio and USB cables).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    The myth of the additional choke:<\/strong> There are legends that if your 1:1 balun is a high-quality current balun, there is no need for an additional choke to improve the efficiency of the antenna. But if you have RFI problems, a secondary choke before the transceiver will probably do an excellent job. If not the neighbors, at least the transceiver will thank you.<\/p>\n

    Part 4: Power and Materials<\/strong><\/h5>\n

    We can’t help but touch on the topic of ferrite cores – a favorite topic of every radio amateur!<\/p>\n

    Ferrite and power<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The size of the ferrite core is directly related to how much power the balun\/unun can handle before it saturates or overheats.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Saturation<\/strong>: If the power is too high, the ferrite saturates, its permeability \u03bc<\/strong> drops sharply, which leads to a sharp increase in SWR and overheating.<\/li>\n
    • The solution<\/strong>: A larger core volume (e.g. FT-240) raises the saturation threshold and allows operation at higher power. Two or three smaller toroids can also be glued together for the same purpose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Toroidal Size (Type 43)<\/strong><\/td>\nApprox. RF Power (CW\/SSB)<\/strong><\/td>\nApplication<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      FT-140<\/strong><\/td>\nUp to 100 W<\/td>\nQRP\/QRO (Mobile Installations)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      FT-240<\/strong><\/td>\nUp to 500 W to 1 kW+<\/td>\nThe gold standard for QRO, providing 100 W headroom on all bands.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ferrite Selection (Type 43 vs. Type 61)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Type ferrite<\/strong><\/td>\nPermeability (\u03bc)<\/strong><\/td>\nWhat it is used for<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      Type 43<\/strong><\/td>\nHigh
      \n(about 850)<\/td>\n      		Broadband transformers (9:1, 49:1, 1:1 for HF). Required for lower bands (80m, 40m).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Type 61<\/strong><\/td>\nLow
      \n(about 125)<\/td>\n      		1:1 Current baluns for high frequencies (VHF). Has lower losses above 30 MHz.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Conclusion and conclusions:<\/strong><\/h5>\n

      1. Calculations are extremely necessary and important, but never rely on them too much – check what kind of antenna and balun you have created using a suitable device or, in extreme cases, even the SWR meter of the transceiver. Adjust the antenna in place.<\/p>\n

      2. The most important thing is to choose the device according to the type of antenna and the purpose:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • for isolation – balun 1:1<\/strong>,<\/li>\n
      • for reducing unpredictable impedance to the impedance of the cable or transceiver, or for multi-band vertical antennas – unun 9:1<\/strong> or 4:1<\/strong> (it is best to test with a device);<\/li>\n
      • for direct matching of a resonant unbalanced antenna to the transceiver – unun 49:1<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • for direct matching of a resonant unbalanced antenna to the transceiver under adverse conditions (presence of nearby objects, inability to raise the antenna high, etc.) – unun 64:1<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
      • so that both neighbors and equipment love you – you add Choke<\/strong>!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Leave the antenna slightly longer than calculated \u2013 it is always easier to cut than to splice during the setup on site.<\/p>\n

        4. I recommend testing the baluns and chokes on site with suitable resistors, a substitute for the corresponding antenna \u2013 50, 200, 450, 2450 and 3200 (I am sure you will find what resistors to connect in series for the tests).<\/p>\n

        5. Last but not least: I am sure that many hams will say \u201cI work with resonant antennas and I don\u2019t need baluns, chokes and chokes!\u201d and whatever else. True, everyone makes the choice for themselves. In my antennas I use. Always! I try to squeeze out maximum efficiency, to work with low powers at long distances. And despite the low power, I don’t want my neighbors to know when I’m on the air!<\/p>\n

        With this knowledge, you are armed to successfully select and construct your baluns, ununs, chokes, and antennas!<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Baluns, ununs and chokes: a complete mess in ham practice. How to choose the right balun for the antenna? (Informal, but professional!) End of confusion – a guide to selection and application If you’ve ever scratched your head, wondering when to use a 1:1 balun, when a 49:1 unun, and why the hell you need […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,34],"tags":[266,445,451,449,453],"class_list":["post-1262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-ham-bg","category-radio-amateurs","tag-antennas","tag-baluns","tag-chokes","tag-radio-frequency-interference","tag-ununs","czr-hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBalluns, ununs and chokes: complete nonsense in ham practice. - \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0422\u043e\u043d\u0438 - \u0413\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How to choose the right balun for your antenna? (Informal, but professional!) 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